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| In intimate relationships | 4>
Main article: Domestic abuse
Domestic abuse—defined as chronic mistreatment in marriage, families, dating and other intimate relationships —- can include emotionally abusive behavior. Psychological abuse does not always lead to physical abuse, but physical abuse in domestic relationships is nearly always preceded and accompanied by psychological abuse.[2][7] report that psychological aggression by one partner is the most reliable predictor of the other partner's likelihood of first exhibiting physical aggression.
A 2005 study by Hamel[8] reports that "men and women physically and emotionally abuse each other at equal rates". Basile[9] found that psychological aggression was effectively bidirectional in cases where heterosexual and homosexual couples went to court for domestic disturbances. A 2007 study of Spanish college students (n = 1,886) aged 18–27 [10] found that psychological aggression (as measured by the Conflict Tactics Scale) is so pervasive in dating relationships that it can be regarded as a normalized element of dating, and that women are substantially more likely to exhibit psychological aggression. Similar findings have been reported in other studies.[11] Strauss et al.[12] found that female intimate partners in heterosexual relationships were more likely than males to use psychological aggression, including threats to hit or throw an object. A study of young adults (N = 721) by Giordano et al.[13] found that females in intimate heterosexual relationships were more likely than males to threaten to use a knife or gun against their partner.
Numerous studies done between the 1980 and 1994[1][14][15][16][17][18] report that lesbian relationships have higher overall rates of interpersonal aggression (including psychological aggression/emotional abuse) than heterosexual or gay male relationships. Furthermore, women who have been involved with both men and women reported higher rates of abuse from their female partners.[19]
In 1996, the National Clearinghouse on Family Violence,[3] for Health Canada, reported that 39% of married women or common-law wives suffered emotional abuse by husbands/partners; and a 1995 survey of women 15 and over (n = 1000) 36-43% reported emotional abuse during childhood or adolescence, and 39% experienced emotional abuse in marriage/dating; this report does not address boys or men suffering emotional abuse from families or intimate partners. A BBC radio documentary on domestic abuse, including emotional maltreatment, reports that 20% of men and 30% of women have been abused by a spouse or other intimate partner.[20]
Straus and Field [21] report that psychological aggression is a pervasive trait of American families: "verbal attacks on children, like physical attacks, are so prevalent as to be just about universal". A 2008 study by English, et al.[22] found that fathers and mothers were equally likely to be verbally aggressive towards their children.
[edit] | Tags:Icd,10,Abuse,Psychological Trauma,Anxiety,Chronic Depression,Post-traumatic Stress Disorder,Abusive Relationships,Bullying,Child Abuse,Workplace,Consensus Views,Conflict Tactics Scale,Intimidation,Self,Health Canada,Andrew Vachss,Sex Crimes,Insults,Gaslighting,Denial,Cyber-bullying,Domestic Abuse,Workplace Bullying,Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health And Development Study,Antisocial,Personality Disorders,Shifting Blame To The Victim,Dissociation,Anger,Drug Addiction,Alcoholism,Hypervigilance,Intrusive Imagery,Avoidance Behaviors,Alexithymia,Victim Blaming,Book Of Genesis,Necessary And Sufficient,Destabilisation,Emotional Blackmail,Mind Games,Moving The Goalposts,Poisonous Pedagogy,Psychological Manipulation,Setting Up To Fail,British Journal Of Psychiatry,Berkley Books,Anti-social Behaviour,Neglect,Sexual,Elder Abuse,Harassment,Humiliation,Incivility,Institutional Abuse,Personal Abuse,Professional Abuse,Physical Abuse,Sexual Abuse,Stalking,Structural Abuse,Verbal Abuse,Complex Post-traumatic Stress Disorder,Dehumanization,Exaggeration,Adult,Child,Lying,Manipulation,Minimisation,Psychological Projection,Psychopathy,Rationalization,Victim Playing,Victimisation,Yelling,Grin Campaign,Kenneth Westhues,Anti-bullying Legislation,Jamie Hubley,Youth Subculture,Attention,Bribery,Charm Offensive,Flattery,Giving Gifts,Ingratiation,Love Bombing,Praise,Seduction,Smiling,Superficial Charm,Superficial Sympathy,Character Assassination,Crying,Fear Mongering,Frowning,Glaring,Guilt Trip,Inattention,Nagging,Passive Aggression,Punishment,Relational Aggression,Shaming,Silent Treatment (blanking),Sulking,Swearing,Threats,Bait-and-switch,Deception,Deprogramming,Disinformation,Distortion,Diversion,Divide And Rule,Double Bind,Entrapment,Evasion,Good Cop/bad Cop,Indoctrination,Low-balling,Pride-and-ego Down,Reid Technique,Trojan Horse,Advertising,Confidence Trick,Interrogation, In the workplace | 4>
Main article: Workplace bullying
Rates of reported emotional abuse in the workplace vary, with studies showing 10%[23] 24%[24] and 36%[25] of respondents indicating persistent and substantial emotional abuse from coworkers.
Keashly and Jagatic [26] found that males and females commit “emotionally abusive behaviors” in the workplace at roughly similar rates. In a web-based survey, Namie[27] found that women were more likely to engage in workplace bullying, such as name-calling, and that the average length of abuse was 16.5 months
[edit] | Tags: Characteristics of abusers | 3>
In their review of data from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study (a longitudinal birth cohort study; n = 941) Moffitt et al.[28] report that while men exhibit more aggression overall, gender is not a reliable predictor of interpersonal aggression, including psychological aggression. The study found that whether male or female, aggressive people share a cluster of traits, including high rates of suspicion and jealousy; sudden and drastic mood swings; poor self-control; and higher than average rates of approval of violence and aggression. Moffitt et al. also argue that antisocial men exhibit two distinct types of interpersonal aggression (one against strangers, the other against intimate female partners), while antisocial women are rarely aggressive against anyone other than intimate male partners.
Male and female perpetrators of emotional and physical abuse exhibit high rates of personality disorders.[29][30][31] Rates of personality disorder in the general population are roughly 15%-20%, while roughly 80% of abusive men in court-ordered treatment programmes have personality disorders.[1]
Abusers may aim to avoid household chores or exercise total control of family finances. Abusers can be very manipulative, often recruiting friends, law officers and court officials, even the victim's family to their side, while shifting blame to the victim.[32][33]
[edit] | Tags: Effects | 3>
English, et al.[34] report that children whose families are characterized by interpersonal violence, including psychological aggression and verbal aggression, may exhibit a range of serious disorders, including chronic depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, dissociation and anger. Additionally, English et al. report that the impact of emotional abuse "did not differ significantly" from that of physical abuse. Johnson et al.[35] report that, in a survey of female patients (n = 825), 24% suffered emotional abuse, and this group experienced higher rates of gynecological problems. In their study of men emotionally abused by a wife/partner or parent (n = 116), Hines and Malley-Morrison[36] report that victims exhibit high rates of post traumatic stress disorder, drug addiction and alcoholism.
Namie's study[27] of workplace emotional abuse found that 31% of women and 21% of men who reported workplace emotional abuse exhibited three key symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (hypervigilance, intrusive imagery, and avoidance behaviors). A 1998 study of male college students (n = 70) by Simonelli & Ingram[37] found that men who were emotionally abused by their female partners exhibited higher rates of chronic depression than the general population.
A study of college students (N = 80) by Goldsmith and Freyd[38] report that many who have experienced emotional abuse do not characterize the mistreatment as abusive. Additionally, Goldsmith and Freyd show that these people also tend to exhibit higher than average rates of alexithymia (difficulty identifying and processing their own emotions).
Jacobson et al.[39] found that women report markedly higher rates of fear during marital conflicts. However, a rejoinder[40] argued that Jacobson's results were invalid due to men and women's drastically differing interpretations of questionnaires. Coker et al.[41] found that the effects of mental abuse were similar whether the victim was male or female. Pimlott-Kubiak and Cortina[42] found that severity and duration of abuse were the only accurate predictors of aftereffects of abuse; sex of perpetrator or victim were not reliable predictors.
Analysis of large survey (N = 25,876) by LaRoche[43] found that women abused by men were slightly more likely to seek psychological help than were men abused by women (63% vs. 62%).
In a 2007 study, Laurent, et al.,[44] report that psychological aggression in young couples (n = 47) is associated with decreased satisfaction for both partners: "psychological aggression may serve as an impediment to couples development because it reflects less mature coercive tactics and an inability to balance self/other needs effectively". A 2008 study by Walsh and Shulman[11] reports that relationship dissatisfaction for both partners is more likely to be associated with, in women, psychological aggression and, in men, with withdrawal.
[edit] | Tags: Popular and clinical perception | 3>
Several studies found double-standards in how people tend to view emotional abuse by men versus emotional abuse by women. Follingstad et al. found that,[45] when rating hypothetical vignettes of psychological abuse in marriages, professional psychologists tend to rate male abuse of females as more serious than identical scenarios describing female abuse of males: "the stereotypical association between physical aggression and males appears to extend to an association of psychological abuse and males" (Follingstad et al., p. 446) Similarly, Sorenson and Taylor randomly surveyed a group of Los Angeles, California residents for their opinions of hypothetical vignettes of abuse in heterosexual relationships.[46] Their study found that abuse committed by women, including emotional and psychological abuse such as controlling or humiliating behavior, was typically viewed as less serious or detrimental than identical abuse committed by men. Additionally, Sorenson and Taylor found that respondents had a broader range of opinions about female perpetrators, representing a lack of clearly defined mores when compared to responses about male perpetrators.
According to Walsh and Shluman, "The higher rates of female initiated aggression [including psychological aggression] may result, in part, from adolescents' attitudes about the unacceptability of male aggression and the relatively less negative attitudes toward female aggression".[11]
Hamel's 2007 study found that "prevailing patriarchal conception of intimate partner violence" led to a systematic reluctance to study women who psychologically and physically abuse their male partners.[47]
Dutton found that men who are emotionally or physically abused often encounter victim blaming that erroneously presumes the man either provoked or deserved the mistreatment of their female partners.[48] Similarly, domestic violence victims will often blame their own behavior, rather than the violent actions of the abuser. Victims may try continually to alter their behavior and circumstances in order to please the abuser.[49]
[edit] | Tags: Cultural causes | 3>
Some scholars argue that hundreds or thousands of years of male dominated societies have created negative attitudes towards women among many men, and that wife abuse stems from "normal psychological and behavioral patterns of most men ... feminists seek to understand why men in general use physical force against their partners and what functions this serves for a society in a given historical context".[50] Similarly, Dobash and Dobash claim that "Men who assault their wives are actually living up to cultural prescriptions that are cherished in Western society--aggressiveness, male dominance and female subordination--and they are using physical force as a means to enforce that dominance", while Walker claims that men exhibit a "socialized androcentric need for power".[51][52]
While some women are aggressive and dominating to male partners the majority of abuse in heterosexual partnerships, at about 80% in the USA, is by men.[53] (Note that critics[54] stress that this Department of Justice study examines crime figures, and does not specifically address domestic abuse figures. While the categories of crime and domestic abuse may cross-over, most instances of domestic abuse are not regarded as crimes or reported to police—critics thus argue that it's inaccurate to regard the DOJ study as a comprehensive statement on domestic abuse because compelling evidence shows that men and women tend to commit emotional and physical abuse in roughly equal rates.) A 2002 study reports that ten percent of violence in the UK, overall, is by females against males.[55] However, more recent data specifically regarding domestic abuse (including emotional abuse) report that 3 in 10 women, and 2 in 10 men, have experienced domestic abuse.[20]
Some argue that fundamentalist views of religions, which have developed in male-dominated cultures, tend to reinforce emotional abuse, citing the Book of Genesis as an example of a text that has been used to justify men abusing women: "in sorrow thou shalt bring forth children: and thy desire shall be to thy husband, and he shall rule over thee".[56] Critics also suggest that fundamentalist religious prohibitions against divorce make it more difficult for religious men or women to leave an abusive marriage: A 1985 survey of Protestant clergy in the United States by Jim M Alsdurf found that 21% of them agreed that "no amount of abuse would justify a woman's leaving her husband ever", and 26% agreed with the statement that "a wife should submit to her husband and trust that God would honour her action by either stopping the abuse or giving her the strength to endure it." [57]
Many older and some not so old children's stories contain gender stereotyping, and music videos and computer games for children and teenagers have been criticised for continuing to portray men as aggressive and in control, while the females are there only for their sexual allure; women are portrayed as wanting to be chased and caught when they run away.[32]
Critics argue that legal systems have in the past endorsed these traditions of male domination and it is only in recent years that abusers have begun to be punished for their behaviour.[32] Some laws in past centuries have however specifically prohibited punitive wife-beating: "The Body of Liberties adopted in 1641 by the Massachusetts Bay colonists states, 'Every married woman shall be free from bodily correction or stripes by her husband, unless it be in his own defense from her assault.'[58] In 1879, Harvard University law scholar wrote, "The cases in the American courts are uniform against the right of the husband to use any chastisement, moderate or otherwise, toward the wife, for any purpose."[59]
While recognizing that feminist researchers have done valuable work and highlighted neglected topics[60] critics suggest that the male cultural domination hypothesis for abuse is untenable as a generalized explanation for numerous reasons:
Many variables (racial, ethnic, cultural and subcultural, nationality, religion, family dynamics, mental illness, etc.) make it difficult or impossible to define male and female roles in any meaningful way that apply to the entire population.[61]
Studies show that disagreements about power-sharing in relationships are more strongly associated with abuse than are imbalances of power.[62]
Research has not discovered that male privilege is a necessary and sufficient sole cause of abuse of women. On the contrary, peer-reviewed studies have produced inconsistent results when directly examining patriarchal beliefs and wife abuse. Yllo and Straus[63] argued that "low status" women in the United States suffered higher rates of spousal abuse; however, a rejoinder argued that Yllo and Straus's interpretive conclusions were "confusing and contradictory".[64] Smith[65] estimated that patriarchal beliefs were a causative factor for only 20% of wife abuse. Other studies failed to find a causal link between spouse abuse and traditionalist/conservative cultural beliefs. Campbell[66] writes that "there is not a simple linear correlation between female status and rates of wife assault". Other studies had similar findings.[67][68] Additionally, a study of Hispanic Americans revealed that traditionalist men exhibited lower rates of abuse towards women.[69]
Studies show that treatment programs based on the patriarchal privilege model are flawed due to a weak connection between abusiveness and one's cultural or social attitudes.[70][71][72]
Numerous empirical studies challenge the concept that male abuse or control of women is culturally sanctioned. Such studies show that abusive men are widely viewed as unsuitable partners for dating or marriage.[73] A minority of abusive men qualify as pervasively misogynistic.[74] The majority of men who commit spousal abuse agree that their behavior was inappropriate.[75] A minority of men approve of spousal abuse under even limited circumstances.[76] Furthermore, the majority of men are non-abusive towards girlfriends or wives for the duration of relationships, contrary to predictions that aggression or abuse towards women is an innate element of masculine culture.[77][78][79][80]
Dutton[1] argues that the numerous studies establishing that heterosexual and gay male relationships have lower rates of abuse than lesbian relationships, and the fact that women who've been involved with both men and women were more likely to have been abused by a woman "are difficult to explain in terms of male domination". Additionally, Dutton suggests that "patriarchy must interact with psychological variables in order to account for the great variation in power-violence data. It is suggested that some forms of psychopathology lead to some men adopting patriarchal ideology to justify and rationalize their own pathology".
Additional insight into these issues can be found in Dr. George K. Simon's book: In Sheep's Clothing, George Simon, Parkhurst Brother's Publishing, 2010.
[edit] | Tags: See also | 2>
Destabilisation
Emotional blackmail
Gaslighting
Mind games
Moving the goalposts
Poisonous pedagogy
Psychological manipulation
Psychological trauma
Setting up to fail
[edit] | Tags: References | 2>
^ a b c d Dutton, D. G. (1994). Patriarchy and wife assault: The ecological fallacy. Violence and Victims, 9, 125-140.
^ a b c Maiuro, Roland D.; O'Leary, K. Daniel (2000). Psychological Abuse in Violent Domestic Relations. New York:Springer Publishing Company. p. 197. ISBN 0-8261-1374-5. http://books.google.ca/books?id=pv6XIjT4MpUC&printsec=frontcover#PPA192,M1.
^ a b c d Thompson AE, Kaplan CA. "Childhood emotional abuse." British Journal of Psychiatry. 1996 Feb;168(2):143-8. PMID 8837902
^ US Department of Justice
^ Tomison, Adam M and Joe Tucci. 1997. Emotional Abuse: The Hidden Form of Maltreatment. Issues in Child Abuse Prevention Number 8 Spring 1997
^ Vachss, Andrew. 1994. "You Carry the Cure In Your Own Heart." Parade, 28 August 1994.
^ Murphy, C. M., & O'Leary, K. D. (1989). Psychological aggression predicts physical aggression in early marriage. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 579-582.
^ Hamel, J. (2005). Gender Inclusive Treatment of Intimate Partner Abuse. New York: Springer.
^ Basile, S. (2004). Comparison of abuse by same and opposite-gender litigants as cited in requests for abuse prevention orders. Journal of Family Violence, 19, 59-68; "male and female defendants, who were the subject of a complaint in domestic relations cases, while sometimes exhibiting different aggressive tendencies, measured almost equally abusive in terms of the overall level of psychological and physical aggression”.
^ Muñoz-Rivas, Marina J., Graña Gómez, José Luis, O’Leary, Daniel K, and González Lozano, Pilar. (2007) “Physical and psychological aggression in dating relationships in Spanish university students” Psicothema Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 102-107.
^ a b c Welsh, Deborah P. and Shmuel Shulman. 2008. Directly observed interaction within adolescent romantic relationships: What have we learned? . Journal of Adolescence. Volume 31, Issue 6, December 2008, Pages 877-891
^ Straus, M. A., Hamby, S. L., Boney-McCoy, S., & Sugarman, D. B. (1996). "The revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS-2)." Journal of Family Issues, 17, pp. 283-317.
^ Giordano, P. C., Millhonin, T. J., Cernokovich, S. A., Pugh, M. D., & Rudolph, J. L. (1999). "Delinquency, identity and women's involvement in relationship violence." Criminology, 37, pp. 17-40.
^ Brand, P.A. & Kidd, A.H. 1986. Frequency of physical aggression in heterosexual and female homosexual dyads. Psychological Reports. 59, 1307-1313.
^ Loulan, I. 1987. Lesbian passion. San Francisco: Spinsters
^ Coleman, V.E. 1990. Violence between lesbian couples: a between-groups comparison. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, California School of Professional Psychology. University microfilm 9109022
^ Kelly, E.E. & Warshafsky, L. 1987, July. Partner abuse in gay male and lesbian couples. Paper presented at the Third National Conference for Family Violence Researchers, Durham, North Carolina.
^ Lie, G., Schilit, R., Bush, L., Montagne, M., & Reyes, L. 1991. A Lesbians in currently aggressive relationships: how frequently do they report aggressive past relationships? Violence and Victims, 6, 121-135
^ Lie, G. & Gentlewarrior, S. 1991. Intimate violence in lesbian relationships: discussion of survey findings and practice implications. Journal of Social Research, 15, 41-59.
^ a b "Boys Don't Cry", a BBC radio documentary, updated 27 Feb 2009; URL accessed 06 July 2009
^ Straus, Murray A. and Carolyn J. Field. 2003. Psychological Aggression by American Parents: National Data on Prevalence, Chronicity, and Severity. Journal of Marriage and Family 65 (November 2003): 795–808
^ English, Diana J, J. Christopher Graham, Rae R. Newton, Terri L. Lewis, Richard Thompson, Jonathan B. Kotch, and Cindy Weisbart. 2008. Child Maltreat, 14 (2)
^ Burnazi, L., Keashly, L., & Neuman, J. H. (2005, August). “Aggression revisited: Prevalence, antecedents, and outcomes." Paper presented at the Academy of Management Annual Conference, Honolulu.
^ Jagatic, K., Keashly, L. (2000, September). “The nature, extent, and impact of emotional abuse in the workplace: Results of a statewide survey.” Paper presented at the Academy of Management Conference, Toronto.
^ Keashly, L., & Neuman, J. H. (2002, August). “Exploring persistent patterns of workplace aggression.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Denver, CO.
^ Keashly, L., & Jagatic, K. (2003). “By any other name: American perspectives on workplace bullying.” In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. Cooper (Eds.),Workplace Emotional Abuse Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace: International perspectives in research and practice (pp. 31–61). London: Taylor Francis.
^ a b Namie, G. (2000, October). U.S. Hostile Workplace Survey 2000. Paper presented at the New England Conference on Workplace Bullying, Suffolk University Law School, Boston.
^ Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Rutter, M., & Silva, P. A. (2001). "Sex differences in antisocial behavior." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
^ Dutton D, Bodnarchuk M. Through a psychological lens: Personality disorder and spouse assault. In Loseke D, Gelles R, Cavanaugh M (eds.). Current Controversies on Family Violence, Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications 2005.
^ Carney MM, Buttell FP. A multidimensional evaluation of a treatment program for female batterers: A pilot study. Research on Social Work Practice Vol. 14, No. 4, 2004. pp. 249-258.
^ Henning K, Feder L. A comparison of men and women arrested for domestic violence: Who presents the greater risk? Journal of Family Violence, Vol. 19, No. 2, 2004.
^ a b c Bancroft, L (2002). Why does he do that? Inside the minds of angry and controlling men. Berkley Books. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/0-339-14844-2|0-339-14844-2]]. http://books.google.com/books?id=xEZIpu3SVvcC&printsec=frontcover.
^ Moore, Thomas Geoffrey; Marie-France Hirigoyen; Helen Marx (2004). Stalking the Soul: Emotional Abuse and the Erosion of Identity. New York: Turtle Point Press. pp. 196. ISBN 1-885586-99-X.
^ English, Diana J, J. Christopher Graham, Rae R. Newton, Terri L. Lewis, Richard Thompson, Jonathan B. Kotch, and Cindy Weisbart. 2008. At-risk and maltreated children exposed to intimate partner aggression/violence: what the conflict looks like and its relationship to child outcomes. Child Maltreat, 14 (2)
^ K Johnson, R John, A Humera, S Kukreja, M Found, S W Lindow. 2007. The prevalence of emotional abuse in gynaecology patients and its association with gynaecological symptoms. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology. 01/08/2007; 133(1):95-9.
^ Hines, D. A., & Malley-Morrison, K. (2001, August). Effects of emotional abuse against men in intimate relationships. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA
^ Simonelli, C. J. & Ingram, K. M. (1998). Psychological distress among men experiencing physical and emotional abuse in heterosexual dating relationships. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 13, 667-681
^ Goldsmith, R. E. and Freyd, J. 2005. [dynamic.uoregon.edu/~jjf/articles/gf05.pdf EFFECTS OF EMOTIONAL ABUSE IN FAMILY AND WORK ENVIRONMENTS]. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 5(1).
^ Jacobson, N. S., Gottman, J. M., Waltz, J., Rushe, R., Babcock, J., & Holtzworth-Munroe, A. (1994). Affect, verbal content, and psychophysiology in the arguments of couples with a violent husband. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 982-988.
^ Dutton, D. G. (2006). Rethinking domestic violence. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
^ Coker, A. L., Davis, K. E., Arias, I., Desai, S., Sanderson, M., Brandt, H. M., et al. (2002). “Physical and mental health effects of intimate partner violence for men and women.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Vol. 23, pp. 260-268.
^ Pimlott-Kubiak, S., & Cortina, L. M. (2003). Gender, victimization, and outcomes: Reconceptualizing risk. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 528-539.
^ Laroche, D. (2005). "Aspects of the context and consequences of domestic violence. Situational couple violence and intimate terrorism in Canada in 1999." Quebec City: Government of Quebec.
^ Heidemarie K. Laurent, Hyoun K. Kima, & Deborah M. Capaldi. 2007. Interaction and relationship development in stable young couples: Effects of positive engagement, psychological aggression, and withdrawal. Journal of Adolescence. Volume 31, Issue 6, December 2008, Pages 815-835 l
^ Follingstad, D. R., DeHart, D. D., & Green, E. P. (2004). "Psychologists' judgments of psychologically aggressive actions when perpetrated by a husband versus a wife." Violence and Victims, 19, pp. 435-452.
^ Sorenson, S. B., & Taylor, C. A. (2005). "Female aggression toward male intimate partners: An examination of social norms in a community-based sample." Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29, pp. 79-96.
^ Hamel, J. (2007). Toward a gender-inclusive conception of intimate partner violence research and theory: Part 1-traditional perspectives. International Journal of Men's Health, 6, 36-54.
^ Dutton, D. G. (2006). Rethinking domestic violence. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
^ Tjaden, Patricia & Thoennes, Nancy. National Institute of Justice and the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, "Extent, Nature and Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence: Findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey." (2000). U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, "Intimate Partner Violence in the United States," December 2006.
^ Bograd, M., Feminist perspectives on wife abuse: An introduction, in Bograd, M., and Yllo, K. eds., Feminist Perspectives on Wife Abuse, Sage Publishing, Beverly Hills, 1988; p 13.
^ Dobash, R. E., and Dobash, R. P., Violence against wives: A case against the patriarchy, Free Press, New York, 1979., p.57
^ Walker, L., Psychology and violence against women, American Psychologist, 44, 4, p. 695-702, 1989.
^ Rennison, Callie Marie (February 2003) (PDFNCJ 197838). Intimate Partner Violence, 1993-2001. Bureau of Justice Statistics. http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/ipv01.pdf.
^ Straus, M. A. (1999). The controversy over domestic violence by women: A methodological, theoretical, and sociology of science analysis. In X. P. Arrage & S. Oskamp (Eds.), Violence in intimate relationships (pp. 17-44). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
^ Crime in England and Wales, Home Office, July 2002
^ Bancroft, L (2002). Why does he do that? Inside the minds of angry and controlling men. Berkley Books. p. 322. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/0-339-14844-2|0-339-14844-2]]. http://books.google.com/books?id=xEZIpu3SVvcC&printsec=frontcover.
^ Jones, Ann; Schechter, Susan (1993). When Love Goes Wrong. New York: HarperCollins. p. 315. ISBN 0-06-016306-2.
^ [www.mediaradar.org/docs/RADARreport-50-DV-Myths.pdf]
^ Nicholas St. John Green (1879). Nicholas St. John Green Criminal law reports Volume 2]. Hurd and Houghton. http://books.google.com/?id=GRBFAAAAIAAJ#v=onepage&q=%22uniform%20against%20the%20right%20of%20the%20husband%22&f=false Nicholas St. John Green]. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
^ Dutton, Donald G. and Susan Golant. 1997. The Batterer: A Psychological Profile. 0465033881
^ Levinson, D., Family Violence in a Cross-cultural Perspective, Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA, 1989.
^ Coleman, D. H., and Straus, M. A., Marital power, conflict, and violence, paper presented at the meeting of the American Society of Criminology, San Diego, CA, 1985
^ Yllo, K. and Straus, M., Patriarchy and violence against wives: The impact of structural and normative factors, in Straus, M. and Gelles, R., eds., Physical Violence In American Families. Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, NJ, 1990.
^ Dutton, D.G. Patriarchy and Wife Assault: The Ecological Fallacy. Violence and Victims, 1994, 9, 2, p. 125 – 140, 1994.
^ Smith, M., Patriarchal ideology and wife beating: A test of feminist hypothesis, Violence and Victims, 5, 4, p. 257-273, 1990.
^ Campbell, J., Prevention of wife battering: Insights from cultural analysis, Response, 80, 14, 3, p. 18 - 24, 1992., p. 19.
^ Sugarman DB, Frankel SL. Patriarchal ideology and wife-assault: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Family Violence Vol. 17, 1996. pp. 13-40.
^ Felson RB, Outlaw MC. The control motive and marital behavior. Violence and Victims, Vol. 22, No. 4, 2007. pp. 387 - 407.
^ Kantor K, Jasnski JL, Aldarondo E. Sociocultural status and incidence of marital violence in Hispanic families. Violence and Victims Vol. 9, 1994. pp. 207-222.
^ Browning, J. J., Stopping the violence, Canadian programmes for assaultive men, Ottawa: Health and Welfare Canada, 1984.
^ Neidig, P. H., and Friedman, D.H., Spouse Abuse: A Treatment Program For Couples, Research Press, Champaign, IL, 1984.
^ Dutton, D. G., The domestic assault of women: Psychological and criminal justice perspectives. Allyn and Bacon, Boston, 1988.
^ Dutton, D. G., and Hemphill, K. J., Patterns of socially desirable responding among perpetrators and victims of wife assault, Violence and Victims, 7, 1, p. 29 - 40, 1992.
^ Dutton, D. G., and Browning, J. J., Power struggles and intimacy anxieties as causative factors of violence in intimate relationships, In G. Russell, G., ed., Violence In Intimate Relationships, PMA Publishing, Great Neck, New York, 1988.
^ Dutton, D. G., Wife assaulters' explanations for assault: The neutralization of self-punishment, Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 18, 4, p. 381-390, 1986.
^ Stark, R., and McEvoy, J., Middle class violence, Psychology Today, 4, 6, p. l07-l12, 1970.
^ Straus, M. A., and Gelles, R. J., Is family violence increasing? A comparison of 1975 and 1985 national survey rates, paper presented at the American Society of Criminology, San Diego, CA, November, 1985.
^ Kennedy, L. W. and Dutton, D. G., The incidence of wife assault in Alberta, University of Alberta, Population Research Laboratory #53, 1987, also published in the Canadian Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 1989
^ Straus, M., Gelles, R., and Steinmetz, S., Behind Closed Doors, Violence in the American Family, Anchor Press/Doubleday, Garden City, NY, 1980.
^ Schulman, M., A survey of spousal violence against women in Kentucky, U.S. Department of Justice, Law Enforcement., Washington, DC, 1979.
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Abuse
Types
Anti-social behaviour
Bullying
Child abuse (neglect, sexual)
Domestic abuse
Elder abuse
Harassment
Humiliation
Incivility
Institutional abuse
Intimidation
Neglect
Personal abuse
Professional abuse
Psychological abuse
Physical abuse
Sexual abuse
Stalking
Structural abuse
Verbal abuse
more...
Related topics
Complex post-traumatic stress disorder
Dehumanization
Denial
Destabilisation
Exaggeration
Grooming (adult, child)
Lying
Manipulation
Minimisation
Personality disorders
Psychological projection
Psychological trauma
Psychopathy
Rationalization
Victim blaming
Victim playing
Victimisation
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Bullying
Types
In academia · In information technology · In medicine · In nursing · In teaching · In the military · In the workplace · Cyber-bullying · Gay bullying · Hazing · Mobbing · Passive aggression · Peer victimization · Psychological abuse · Rankism · Relational aggression · School bullying · School pranks · Verbal abuse
Elements
Betrayal · Bystanders · Character assassination · Defamation · Destabilisation · Discrediting · False accusations · Gossip · Harassment · Humiliation · Incivility · Innuendo · Insult · Intimidation · Jibe · Moving the goalposts · Personal attacks · Psychological manipulation · Rudeness · Sarcasm · Setting up to fail · Smear campaign · Social rejection · Social undermining · Taunting · Teasing · Whispering campaign · Yelling
Organisations
Act Against Bullying · Beatbullying · Bullying UK · Kidscape · GRIN Campaign
Activists
Andrea Adams · Louise Burfitt-Dons · Tim Field · Andy Hickson · Heinz Leymann · Gary Namie · Kenneth Westhues
Actions
Anti-Bullying Day · Anti-Bullying Week · International STAND UP to Bullying Day · Anti-bullying legislation
High-profile suicides
Tyler Clementi · Ryan Halligan · Megan Meier · Phoebe Prince · Nicola Ann Raphael · Dawn-Marie Wesley · Kelly Yeomans · Jeff Weise · Jim in Bold · Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold · Seung-Hui Cho · Jamey Rodemeyer · Jamie Hubley
Related topics
Abuse · Bullycide · Control freak · Complex post-traumatic stress disorder · Dehumanization · Emotional blackmail · Just-world hypothesis · Narcissism · Personal boundaries · Personality disorders · Psychological projection · Psychological trauma · Psychopathy · Scapegoating · Self-esteem · Sycophancy · Victim blaming · Victim playing · Victimisation · Youth subculture
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Psychological manipulation
Positive reinforcement - appetitive stimulus
Attention
Bribery
Charm offensive
Flattery
Giving gifts
Grooming (adult · child)
Ingratiation
Love bombing
Praise
Seduction
Smiling
Superficial charm
Superficial sympathy
Positive reinforcement - aversive stimulus
Anger
Character assassination
Crying
Emotional blackmail
Fear mongering
Frowning
Glaring
Guilt trip
Inattention
Intimidation
Nagging
Nit-picking criticism
Passive aggression
Punishment
Relational aggression
Shaming
Silent treatment (blanking)
Sulking
Swearing
Threats
Victim blaming
Victim playing
Yelling
Other techniques
Bait-and-switch
Deception
Denial
Deprogramming
Disinformation
Distortion
Diversion
Divide and rule
Double bind
Entrapment
Evasion
Exaggeration
Gaslighting
Good cop/bad cop
Indoctrination
Low-balling
Lying
Minimisation
Moving the goalposts
Pride-and-ego down
Rationalization
Reid technique
Setting up to fail
Trojan horse
Contexts
Abuse
Advertising
Bullying
Confidence trick
Interrogation
Media manipulation
Mind control
Mind games
Mobbing
Propaganda
Salesmanship
Scapegoating
Smear campaign
Social engineering (blagging)
Spin
Whispering campaign
Related topics
Antisocial personality disorder
Assertiveness
Blame
Borderline personality disorder
Dumbing down
Enabling
Fallacy
Femme fatale
Gaming the system
Gullibility
Histrionic personality disorder
Impression management
Machiavellianism
Narcissism
Narcissistic personality disorder
Personal boundaries
Persuasion
Projection
Psychopathy
Self-esteem
Sycophancy
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Domestic violence
Overview
Outline
Epidemiology of domestic violence
Cycle of abuse
Conflict tactics scale
Domestic violence and pregnancy
Effects of domestic violence on children
Violence against women/Violence against men
Intervention
Women's shelter
Types
Economic abuse
Financial abuse
Physical abuse
Acid throwing
Bride burning
Domestic violence and pregnancy
Dowry death
Honor killing
Murder of pregnant women
Sati
Psychological abuse
Embarassment
Emotional blackmail
Gaslighting
Psychological manipulation
Setting up to fail
Sexual abuse
Marital rape
Verbal abuse
Falsely accuse
Humiliate
Combination
Abuse
Battered person syndrome
Birth control sabotage
Bride-buying
Common couple violence
Elder abuse
Intimidation
Stalking
Child related
Child abuse
Parental abuse by children
Sibling abuse
Countries
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Columbia
Ecuador
Guyana
India
Iran
Norway
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Russia
Samoa
Tajikistan
United States
Religion
Christianity and domestic violence
Islam and domestic violence
Media
Documentaries
The Conspiracy of Silence
Defending Our Lives
Power and Control: Domestic Violence in America
Silent Voices
Sin by Silence
Films
American Tragedy
Black and Blue
Blinded
Bordertown
The Burning Bed
Daughters
Enough
Looking for Angelina
Once Were Warriors
One Minute to Nine
Provoked
Submission
What's Love Got to Do with It
Publications
Contemporary Family Therapy
Family Process
Family Relations
Journal of Family Issues
Journal of Interpersonal Violence
Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
Trauma, Violence, & Abuse
Violence Against Women
Other
Battered woman defense
Domestic violence court
LGBT topic, domestic violence
Men's rights in domestic violence
Misogyny
Feminist dominance in domestic violence discussions
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Consequences of external causes (T66–T78, 990–995)
Temperature/radiation
elevated temperature: Hyperthermia · Heat syncope
reduced temperature: Hypothermia · Immersion foot syndromes (Trench foot • Tropical immersion foot • Warm water immersion foot) · Chilblains · Frostbite · Cold intolerance • Acrocyanosis • Erythrocyanosis crurum
radiation: Radiation poisoning · Radiation burn · Chronic radiation keratosis • Eosinophilic, polymorphic, and pruritic eruption associated with radiotherapy • Radiation acne • Radiation cancer • Radiation recall reaction • Radiation-induced erythema multiforme • Radiation-induced hypertrophic scar • Radiation-induced keloid • Radiation-induced morphea
Air
Hypoxia/Asphyxia · Barotrauma (Aerosinusitis, Decompression sickness) · High altitude (Altitude sickness/Chronic mountain sickness, HAPE)
Food
Starvation
Maltreatment
Physical abuse · Sexual abuse · Psychological abuse
Emesis
Motion sickness · Seasickness · Airsickness · Space adaptation syndrome
Adverse effect
Hypersensitivity (Anaphylaxis, Angioedema, Allergy, Arthus reaction)
Adverse drug reaction
Other
Electric shock · | Tags: Icd,10,Websites related to: Must See Emotional |